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Bone Tumours

Bone Tumours

Bone tumors are abnormal growths of tissue in the bone. They can be either benign (not cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Most bone tumors (around 90%) are benign and typically slow-growing. They may not cause any symptoms and are often found incidentally on X-rays taken for other reasons. Benign tumors are unlikely to spread to other parts of the body and can usually be treated effectively with surgery.

Malignant bone tumors are much less common, accounting for less than 1% of all cancers. They can grow quickly and destroy healthy bone tissue. Malignant bone tumors can also spread to other parts of the body, which is why early diagnosis and treatment are essential.

Types of Bone Tumors

There are many different types of bone tumors. Some of the most common ones include:

  • Osteosarcoma:This is the most common type of primary bone cancer. It usually affects adolescents and young adults.

  • Chondrosarcoma:This type of cancer arises from cartilage cells in the bone. It is more common in adults than in children.

  • Ewing sarcoma:This is a rare type of cancer that can occur in any bone but most commonly affects the pelvis, ribs, and long bones of the arms and legs.

  • Giant cell tumor of bone:This is a benign tumor that usually affects the ends of long bones, such as the knee or shoulder.

  • Fibrous dysplasia:This is a noncancerous condition that causes abnormal bone formation. It can affect any bone in the body but most commonly affects the skull, jaw, ribs, and femurs.

Causes

The exact cause of most bone tumors is unknown. However, some risk factors have been identified, including:

  • Radiation exposure: People who have been exposed to high levels of radiation, such as those who have undergone radiation therapy for cancer, have an increased risk of developing bone tumors.
  • Certain genetic conditions: Some genetic conditions, such as Li-Fraumeni syndrome and Rothmund-Thomson syndrome, can increase the risk of developing bone tumors.
  • Paget’s disease of bone: This is a chronic bone disease that can increase the risk of developing bone cancer.

 

Symptoms

The symptoms of a bone tumor can vary depending on the size, location, and type of tumor. Some common symptoms include:

  • Pain in the bone, especially at night
  • Swelling or a lump in the bone area
  • Tenderness over the bone
  • Weakness in the affected bone
  • Difficulty moving the affected bone
  • Bone fracture

 

Diagnosis

If you have any symptoms that suggest a bone tumor, your doctor will likely order a physical exam and one or more imaging tests, such as:

  • X-ray
  • CT scan
  • MRI scan
  • Bone scan

A biopsy may also be necessary to confirm the diagnosis of a bone tumor. In a biopsy, a small sample of tissue is removed from the tumor and examined under a microscope.

 

Treatment

The treatment of a bone tumor will depend on the type, size, location, and grade (how aggressive it is) of the tumor. Treatment options for bone tumors may include:

  • Surgery: Surgery is the most common treatment for bone tumors. The goal of surgery is to remove as much of the tumor as possible. In some cases, the entire bone may need to be removed.
  • Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy may be used before surgery to shrink the tumor or after surgery to destroy any remaining cancer cells.
  • Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells. Radiation therapy may be used before surgery to shrink the tumor or after surgery to destroy any remaining cancer cells.
  • Targeted therapy: Targeted therapy drugs are designed to attack specific abnormalities in cancer cells. Targeted therapy may be an option for some people with bone cancer.

 

Prognosis

The prognosis of a bone tumor depends on the type, size, location, and grade of the tumor. The earlier a bone tumor is diagnosed and treated, the better the prognosis. With early diagnosis and treatment, many people with bone tumors can be cured.