Haemoptysis

Causes

There are many potential causes of haemoptysis, some more serious than others. Here’s a breakdown of some common causes:

• Infections: Respiratory infections like bronchitis, pneumonia, and tuberculosis can irritate and inflame the airways, leading to coughing up blood.
• Lung diseases: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and bronchiectasis can damage the airways and blood vessels in the lungs, causing haemoptysis.
• Pulmonary embolism: A blood clot lodged in a lung artery can damage lung tissue and cause bleeding.
• Lung cancer: Haemoptysis can be a symptom of lung cancer, though it’s not always present.
• Other causes: Less common causes include inhaling a foreign object, vascular malformations, and certain medications.

Severity of Haemoptysis

The severity of haemoptysis depends on the amount of blood coughed up and the underlying cause. Small amounts of blood are less concerning, but large amounts (more than 300 mL, or about 10 fluid ounces) can be life-threatening due to choking or blood loss.

When to Seek Medical Attention

Haemoptysis is always a reason to see a doctor, regardless of the amount of blood. Early diagnosis and treatment of the underlying cause are crucial. Seek immediate medical attention if you experience:

• Coughing up a large amount of blood
• Difficulty breathing
• Chest pain
• Lightheadedness or dizziness

Diagnosis and Treatment

A doctor will diagnose haemoptysis by evaluating your medical history, symptoms, and performing a physical examination. Depending on the suspected cause, tests may include chest X-ray, CT scan, bronchoscopy (a procedure to look inside the airways), or blood tests.

Treatment for haemoptysis focuses on addressing the underlying cause. For example, antibiotics will be prescribed for bacterial infections, while medications or surgery may be needed for other conditions. In cases of massive haemoptysis, hospitalization and procedures to stop the bleeding may be necessary. Bronchial arterial embolisation can be performed to treat this condition without surgery (Click here to read more on Bronchial artery embolization for haemoptysis).