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Gastric variceal bleeding is a serious condition that occurs when enlarged veins in the lining of the stomach (gastric varices) rupture and bleed. These varices develop due to increased pressure in the portal vein system, a condition known as portal hypertension.
Portal hypertension is most commonly caused by cirrhosis, a chronic liver disease that damages and scars liver tissue. When the liver is damaged, blood flow through the liver becomes obstructed, leading to increased pressure in the portal vein, which carries blood from the intestines, spleen, and stomach to the liver.
While less common than esophageal variceal bleeding (bleeding from enlarged veins in the esophagus), gastric variceal bleeding can be life-threatening.